Pulsed-field gel analysis of human immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant region gene deletions reveals the extent of unmapped regions within the locus

The human immunoglobulin heavy-chain constant region gene locus is organized in three main gene groups, the physical distances of which are unknown. Different types of gene deletions, originated by unequal crossingover, have been found to encompass one or more genes in the locus. We have analyzed some of these deletions by means of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, which allows resolution of large DNA fragments. By identifying a fragment containing two of the main gene groups and by observing the size reduction of this fragment in subjects with deletions, we were able to estimate the distance between the two groups and better locate the pseudogene in-between.     

Endogenous Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands in Human and Animal Hepatic Encephalopathy

The role of endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligands in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy was studied in humans and in rat models of hepatic encephalopathy. Endogenous benzodiazepine ligands were extracted from rat brain and human CSF by acid treatment and purification by HPLC. Detection and partial characterization of these endogenous benzodiazepine ligands were carried out using both radioreceptor binding assays and radioimmunoassays with anti-benzodiazepine antibodies. Four different benzodiazepine receptor ligands were identified in human and rat tissue, two of which may be diazepam and desmethyldiazepam, based on elution profiles and anti-benzo-diazepine antibody reactivity. Human CSF and serum from patients with hepatic encephalopathy contained approximately 10 times more endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligand than CSF from controls or nonencephalopathic patients with liver disease. The levels of brain benzodiazepine receptor ligand compounds were also increased approximately 10-fold in rats suffering from fulminant hepatic failure, but not in rats with portacaval shunts, a model of chronic hepatic disease. The increased concentrations of these substances could be behaviorally significant and may contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.     

Comparison of different cationic probes for electron microscopic visualization of bacterial polyanionic capsular material

We have isolated from the ovine rumen eight bacterial strains belonging to the speciesButyrivibrio fibrisolvens. DNA hybridization studies showed that the eight strains could be divided into four homology groups, of which none was closely related to the type strain ATCC 19171. Measurement of cross-hybridization between selected pairs of bacterial strains showed that DNA types which produced low, but significant, cross-hybridization on dot-blots were able to form heteroduplexes with between 8.4% and 32.9% of the efficiency of homoduplex formation. Thermal denaturation of the same heteroduplexes resulted in Tm values 6.4–7.5°C lower than those of the homologous duplexes formed under the same conditions. In some cases, hybridization between strains was below the level of reliable measurement. Similar experiments with ten recently isolated strains ofBacteroides ruminicola sub-sp.brevis revealed a similar degree of genetic divergence between isolates.     

Nicotinic Autoreceptors Mediating Enhancement of Acetylcholine Release Become Operative in Conditions of "Impaired" Cholinergic Presynaptic Function

Abstract: The existence in the mammalian CNS of release-inhibiting muscarinic autoreceptors is well established. In contrast, few reports have focused on nicotinic autoreceptors mediating enhancement of acetylcholine (ACh) release. Moreover, it is unclear under what conditions the function of one type of autoreceptor prevails over that of the other. Rat cerebrocortex slices, prelabeled with [³H]choline, were stimulated electrically at 3 or 0.1 Hz. The release of [³H]ACh evoked at both frequencies was inhibited by oxotremorine, a muscarinic receptor agonist, and stimulated by atropine, a muscarinic antagonist. Nicotine, ineffective at 3 Hz, enhanced [³H]ACh release at 0.1 Hz; mecamylamine, a nicotinic antagonist, had no effect at 3 Hz but inhibited [³H]ACh release at 0.1 Hz. The cholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine decreased [³H]ACh release at 3 Hz but not at 0.1 Hz; in the presence of atropine, neostigmine potentiated [³H]ACh release, an effect blocked by mecamylamine. In synaptosomes depolarized with 15 mM KCI, ACh inhibited [³H]ACh release; this inhibition was reversed to an enhancement when the external [Ca²⁺] was lowered. The same occurred when, at 1.2 mM Ca²⁺, external [K⁺] was decreased. Oxotremorine still inhibited [³H]ACh release at 0.1 mM Ca²⁺. When muscarinic receptors were inactivated with atropine, the K⁺ (15 mM)-evoked release of [³H]ACh (at 0.1 mM Ca²⁺) was potently enhanced by ACh acting at nicotinic receptors (EC₅₀? 0.6 µM). In conclusion, synaptic ACh concentration does not seem to determine whether muscarinic or nicotinic autoreceptors are activated. Although muscarinic autoreceptors prevail under normal conditions, nicotinic autoreceptors appear to become responsive to endogenous ACh and to exogenous nicotinic agents under conditions mimicking impairment of ACh release. Our data may explain in part the reported efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors (and nicotinic agonists) in Alzheimer's disease.     

Cloning of Choriocarcinoma Cells Shows That Invasion Correlates with Expression and Activation of Gelatinase A

Implantation and placental development are dependent upon trophoblast invasion of the endometrium. While the villous trophoblast does not display invasive behavior, the extravillous cytotrophoblast is highly invasive. By cloning BeWo choriocarcinoma cells, we have isolated two distinct clones that share similarities with villous and extravillous cytotrophoblasts. When cultured at the surface of a type I collagen gel, BeWo MC-1 cells were not invasive, whereas BeWo MC-2 cells rapidly invaded this matrix. When injected subcutaneously in nude mice, BeWo MC-1 cells developed a localized tumor and BeWo MC-2 cells developed larger tumors with micrometastases. Gelatinase A expression and minute amounts of gelatinase B were detected in the parental cell line and in both clones. However, the parental and the BeWo MC-2 cells secreted 5- to 10-fold more gelatinase A than the BeWo MC-1 cells. Laminin and matrigel stimulated the production of gelatinase A in BeWo MC-2 cells. Type I collagen promoted the conversion of the 72-kDa progelatinase A in an active enzyme only in parental BeWo and in BeWo MC-2 cells. These clones provide an interesting model for studying the complex mechanisms regulating implantation as well as the controlled invasiveness during implantation compared to tumor invasion.     

Biological basis for the management of ‘lugs negra’ (Sarcothalia crispata Gigartinales,Rhodophyta) in southern Chile

The present paper describes growth dynamics in a natural bed of the resource luga negra (Sarcothalia crispata) in Guapilinao, southern Chile (41°57 S, 73°31 W). This resource is currently harvested and exported as raw material for the production of carrageenan. Seasonal variation in biomass, frond size, density and phenology was determined by periodic sampling. Natural recruitment was evaluated on different substrata added to the field; at the same time, substrata were inoculated under greenhouse conditions. Results showed that luga negra has seasonal growth: biomass increased from a minimum in spring to a maximum in mid to late summer. On the other hand, density was minimal in winter (200 ind. m^–2) and increased to 2000 ind. m^–2 in late spring. Peak abundance of mature tetrasporic fronds occurred in late summer, whereas that of cystocarpic fronds occurred in winter. Recruitment began in summer and extended into winter. Survival on different substrata were compared. Gametophytes had better survival rates on clam shells and 5 mm rope while tetrasporophytes had the best survival rate on clam shells and secondarily on boulders.     

Summer biomass of a population of Iridaea cordata (Gigartinaceae,Rhodophyta) from Antarctica

Results of a seasonal study on biomass in an infralittoral population of Iridaea cordata from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica) are reported. Thalli were collected during the IX Italian Antarctic Expedition (austral summer 1993–94). The population studied is that living at depths of 4 to 6 m, where the highest density of plants occurred. The highest value of biomass (wet weight 3440 g m^–2) was found at the beginning of summer. In that period 72.5% of biomass was from 128 specimens belonging to weight classes 8 (>16 to 32 g) to 10 (>64 g), corresponding to 13.4% of the population in numbers. Small (<1 g) and medium (1 to 8 g) specimens provided the remaining biomass of 5% and 22.5%, respectively. During the month of January, the number of heavy specimens decreased. At the end of that month biomass reached a minimum of 2225 g m^–2. In February the biomass increased to 3169 g m ^–2, 72% of which was from 120 specimens belonging to weight classes 7 (>8 to 16 g) to 9 (>32 to 64 g), which numerically represented 18.5% of the population. Data showed that biomass depended mainly on the presence of large heavy specimens, even though they were always few in number. Moreover, the occurrence of such large thalli at the beginning of summer suggests that Iridaea cordata continues to grow during the long antarctic winter.